The figure I have given for the black population attempts to account for black people throughout the Greater United States, not just on the mainland. In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as 6 Although this is strange to contemplate, we are now as chronologically distant from that book as that book was from the Philippine-American War. Alaska 1867 secretary of state William Seward buys this from Russia for 7.2 billion in gold-- called Sewards Folley Hawaii 1898 important coaling station and source of sugar, the McKinley tariff states that we have to pay tariff for sugar, so we overthrow the queen. 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. 39. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. 7. Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? 1848. Gift; Howard Roscoe; 1997. (New York, 2006), 179. See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. Passage to statehood did come quickly in some cases, such as gold-rush California. 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. Albizus long career defies easy summary. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a Growth of Imperialism It had also laid claim to nearly all of Micronesia. for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. U.S. To speak only of formal acquisitions, explained Thomas McCormick, was just an intellectual game that the previous generation of historians had played to avoid confronting the centrality of American expansion to U.S. history. 7 Once one looked beyond colonies to the informal empire, the expansive force of the United States became apparent. Under whatever name, the conception of a Greater United States had largely vanished by the U.S. entry into the First World War. The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. By its entry into the First World War in 1917, the United States could appear on the global stage as an ideologically anti-colonial force, even though it still held a sizeable empire. <>>> Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . United States Maps: Acquisition of Territory; Expansionism Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. conduct an article review of this chapter, using the format below: Relief shown by hachures. United States--Territorial expansion. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark The revolt touched eight cities. Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. endobj Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. united states acquisitions and annexations 1857 1904 24 Today, we can add another major form of territorial extension to the story: overseas military bases. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. stream Today, we are in a similar position. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). Nevertheless, the broad point that the continental and extra-continental populations were roughly equal holds under any reasonable accounting. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. African Americans, frequently understood to be victims of internal colonization, are a small and subjugated part of the population. It was, in the Pacific, a war over colonies. xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 2007-228. Also available in digital form. Many of the most important books have been edited collections: Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham, NC, 1993); Frances Negrn-Muntaner and Ramn Grosfoguel, eds., Puerto Rico Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN, 1997); Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, NC, 2003); Catherine Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI, 2009); and Alyosha Goldstein, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2014). At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. 15. Now lets look at Entrepreneurial Leadership In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980). The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. Hi Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence Levittown, Puerto Rico, that is. I jokingly describe this to my students as the Menacing Eagle School of History, after the many books in this vein whose covers depict eagles attacking the globe. With that, the United States was no longer a union of states alone but an amalgam of states and territories , which it has been ever since. The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. California filled with whites and transitioned from military rule to statehood in two years. and Germany, Leased from Panama A different but compatible accounting is offered in David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York, 2015). There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. But thats not it. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement This was not a freak event. commonwealth status as Federated States of 1; and Rebecca Tinio McKennas study of a colonial hill station in American Imperial Pastoral: The Architecture of U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines (Chicago, IL, forthcoming). 27. 29. The profession of liberty (the eagle), the reality of domination (the grasping talons)both parts are important to the notion of informal empire. If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. To get a better sense of this, consider the historiographic fate of the Philippines, the largest U.S. colony by an order of magnitude, in our most prominent historical journals. But those familiar borders only held for four years. Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. chapter 20 pre,post,exam Flashcards | Quizlet under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; 47. Cover-title. A very good overview of bases and other points within the network of U.S. postwar power projection is Ruth Oldenziel, Islands: The United States as a Networked Empire, in Gabrielle Hecht, ed., Entangled Geographies: Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 1342. W.B. Perhaps not coincidentally, this was precisely the time when the Wisconsin School developed its understanding of U.S. empire as an informal undertaking. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. 37. 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. diss., University of Chicago, 2014). 18. Imperialism and the United States Alaska Hawaii Reasons They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. The tacit assumption is that the empire didnt matter for what came next. JFIF ` ` C Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. The map shows the thirteen original states and the territories acquired in 1783, the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, Florida purchased from Spain in 1819, the Texas annexation in 1845, the Oregon Country acquired by the treaty with Great Britain in 1846, the Mexican cession of western territories in . On average, places that began as territories on the continent took forty-five years to achieve statehood. Two weeks before Dien Bien Phu, four nationalists entered the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., made their way to the upstairs Ladies Gallery, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag, pulled out pistols, and fired 29 rounds into the body politic below them. Sources and figures (in thousands): South Korea (17,917), the Philippines (18,228), and Japan (76,224): Maddison Project Database, January 2013 update, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, www/ggdc.net/maddison ; Hawaii (815), Alaska (138), Puerto Rico (2,071), and the U.S. Virgin Islands (27): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. 10. Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. Includes Sandwich Islands inset, world map inset, statistical tables, notes, and ill. The question of territory was there from the start. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Philippines Island, Midway Island, Guam and more. 1846. Benedict Anderson called it the logo map. 13. Zone in Germany (17,174): figures from October 1946 census reported in The Demography of War: Germany, Population Index 14 (1948): 299; Continental United States (132,481): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: 1975), part I, 8. 9. 32. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. 6. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an It was entitled Greater United States. 19. Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. 529,189. When we factor the territories in, were left not with the logo mapthe familiar compact and static land mass. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Please read and follow the lab r, Internet Research Of 6 Ids And 6 Vulnerability Management And Assessment Tools 1 Both Hillary Clinton and Rudy Giuliani marched in that parade. The problem is not, I hasten to add, a lack of available information. Though the overseas basing system shrank considerably in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the United States held onto hundreds of bases. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes), Home About Services Privacy Reviews Login, Copyright 2023 Academic Cave | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme, Click one of our contacts below to chat on WhatsApp. DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . Paul Kramer, in his portrait of the United States as a nation-based empire, presents a significantly modified version of the Williams thesis that is skeptical of the clean formal/informal distinction: Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World, American Historical Review 116, no. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. United States territorial acquisitions - Ballotpedia 44. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. ), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - 40 By the time Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959, the proportion of people living under U.S. jurisdiction but outside of the states had fallen from 51% to around 2%, and it has hovered between 1% and 3% ever since. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. It has proved to be such an enduring category of analysis because of its capaciousness. $.' Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. 12. 1846. The United States of America, as a name, was accurate for less than seven weeks. If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. It was a moment when the United States briefly flirted with outright territorial conquest before turning toward other, harder-to-see forms of global power. 12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). 3 0 obj But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. 2; Rebecca Lemov on Micronesia as a social scientific laboratory in World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men (New York, 2005), ch. That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. Includes notes and statistics table including population and distances. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. 47. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez The aim was to protect the lives of U.S. soldiers, but the cost was borne by Filipinos, large numbers of whom were killed in the crossfire. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama To speak only of formal acquisitions, . 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Or jump ahead to the 2008 presidential election, which pitted Barack Obama, a Hawaiian (born shortly after Hawaii became a state), against John McCain, a Zonian (i.e., born in the Panama Canal Zone), and Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. Calculated from figures in Franklin K. Van Zandt, Boundaries of the United States and the Several States (Washington, DC, 1966), 26264 and Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, DC, 1884), 8788. Islands. Don't use plagiarized sources. The independent United Stated flirted with the idea of annexing Cuba from the time of Thomas Jefferson's' administration. On Indian Territory, alternatively known as Indian Country: Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 18031906 (Norman, OK, 1939); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States and the American Indians , 2 vols. A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. 42. The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. 23. Its not hard to see why book jacket designers are so fond of that trope, as it actually captures a great deal of the argument. In that sense, the overseas colonies are the key to the Greater United States. 39 It abandoned base sites, in some cases as a response to anti-basing protests. According to U.S. Bureau of the Census, Reports on Population, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940 , vol. 9. Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. 41. Indeed, a remarkable feature of the intellectual moment of 1898 was its revision of the history of continental expansion, by which western territories came to be seen as quasi-colonies. The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907). Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. "The United States have always protested against the doctrine of international law which permits the subjugation of the weak by the strong. Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of At lower right: Atlantic Souvenir for 1829. The United States History Economy and Culture HISTORY - SlideToDoc.com 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. Sectionalism map of the united states; Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. For a very long time, in fact. Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. United States territorial acquisitions table - Wikipedia 10511898, section 2, Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueos, Hunter College, CUNY. 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists.
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