The leaves are dark green, elongated, and mostly hairless. These grasses are coarse and grow in patches across bare ground. Revista da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 19 (2): 167-172, Lucci, CS. [12]:3 Managing weeds, soil erosion, and improving the soil are all important issues a farmer must deal with. Rhodes grass is known to be a selenium accumulator, and, when grown on selenium-rich soils, its selenium content can cause mortality or morbidity in livestock (NSWDPI, 2004). It is also commonly known as the African ebony or jakkalsbessie. The baobab tree survives the savanna's dry conditions because it stores water between its bark and meat. 3. [4] Its ideal soil would be anything greater than a 4.3 pH level in terms of acidity. Select a planting area for the Savannah grass that is well-draining and has full sunlight conditions. It produces twisted pods which are consumed by animals after falling on the ground. Rhodes grass grows on a wide range of soils from poor sandy soils to heavy clayey alkaline and saline soils (more than 10 dS/m). For example, small burrowing animals dig their way deep into the ground for safety until the fire is extinguished. When they germinate, they burrow deep into the ground, with only a few leaves visible at the surface. Its seasonal growth is in the spring and summer and its rainfall requirement is 600750mm per year. J. Japan. Sometimes humans create savannas when they burn grasslands and cut down trees to plant crops, and sometimes animals do. Chloris gayana roots are able to extract water at a depth of 4.25 meters. Its most usually dried before being eaten as a snack, although its also preserved, used for making brandy and beer, and ground into flour. Nutr. It produces lots of seeds every year, which are dispersed by the wind across wide areas. IAEA, Vienna, pp. Its roots can find fissures in rocky outcrops, or dig down to anchor the tree in the sand. These mounds are affectionately called "skyscrapers of the savanna" as they can reach a whopping 30 feet high. Effects of inoculation with lactic acid bacteria on the bacterial communities of Italian ryegrass, whole crop maize, guinea grass and rhodes grass silages. Savannah vegetation consists predominantly of grasses. As it is a relatively fast-growing grass, Digitaria eriantha is frequently grown for hay and pasture. How does Rhodes grass adapt to the savanna? Factors affecting the utilization of 'poor-quality' forages by ruminants particularly under tropical conditions. In order to improve stand longevity through seedlings, newly established stands should be allowed to flower and set seeds before being grazed (FAO, 2014; Cook et al., 2005; NSWDPI, 2004). Lemongrass has developed large stomata on either side of the leaves. It is a plant that can tolerate harsh conditions, such as extreme drought, high temperatures, and rocky soils. The seed germinates quickly (17 days) depending on temperature. [1] It is tolerant of moderately saline and alkaline soils and irrigation. These repellants are made in the form of sprays and candles. 2. [3] It has been found to be more persistent on poorer soil than other genetic varieties. Lemongrass Savanna Adaptations These are adapted to drought. Cattle liveweight gains. Its name comes from the reddish colored spikelets that are produced in the summer months. Queensland J. Agric. It grows in the savanna in Africa along the lake beds and rivers where the soil is rich. Home 10 Most Beautiful Types of Plants in Savanna (with Pictures). The seeds germinate in under a week. And its not just feathered and furry creatures that make it so interesting. Its minimal presence above ground helps to protect it from wildfires. The Savanna biome is part of a larger grassland biome and is mainly made up of flat grassland vegetation. Sugar cane products as potential energy supplements for cattle fed low quality roughage. Dichrostachys cinerea is widespread throughout Africa and is often found in the savannas. It is generally known as the candelabra tree or naboom. pap., Samaru (Nigeria), No. They have long tap roots that can reach the deep water table, thick bark to resist annual fires, trunks that can store water, and leaves that drop of during the winter to conserve water. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, AgNote DPI-298, 3rd Ed. In Tanzania, goats fed a low proteinChloris gayanahay (5.7-7.7% DM) were supplemented with concentrates containing between 10-18% DM protein. Trop. 1, 69 p. Chaudhry, A. S. ; Cowan, R. T. ; Granzin, B. C. ; Klieve, A. V. ; Lawrence, T. L. J., 2001. Arizona State University: Searching the Savanna. The African River Bushwillow is another striking tree. If you've ever watched a TV program about African wildlife, you've seen a savanna biome. There are other practical uses that farmers can benefit from when growing Chloris gayana. Hawaii, CTAHR Ext. This salt tolerance is particularly valuable in irrigated pastures where it can be cultivated without problem. Rhodes grass does better on fertile, well-structured soils and it prefers soil pH between 5.5 and 7.5. This transitional grassland biome somewhere between a forest and a desert is characterized by warm temperatures, moderate rainfall, fires, seasonal droughts, coarse grasses and diverse animals. The digestibility and nutritive value of three grasses at different stages of growth. And the flowers are attractive to bees and other pollinators. The plants have deep, spreading root systems that allow them strength and moisture during times of drought. It grows in thick tufts which can be up to 5 feet tall. Once established, C. gayana often grows to form almost pure stands that smother native species. The stems, leaves, and stolons are usually covered in fine hairs. Anim. It can grow to anywhere from 2 feet to 10 feet tall. Hay cut earlier (for example at 21 days regrowth) may have a protein content of about 15% DM, close to that of fresh grass (Tagari et al., 1977). Lightning often strikes the ground in the dry season causing fires. Agric., 39 (3): 307-316, Holm, J., 1971. Strips of grass are also used as thatch for roofing in some parts of Africa. Jackalberry trees can reach up to 82 feet (25 m) in height in the optimal conditions, but most do not exceed 26 feet (8 m). Heuz V., Tran G., Boudon A., Lebas F., 2016. There are many powerful predators roaming the savanna including lions, hyenas, cheetahs, leopards, black mambas, and wild dogs. So can the most deadly snake (the black mamba). These grasses are coarse and grow in patches across bare ground. Food Web Plants have many adaptations to survive the Grasslands Biome. Also used for making a special tea, for curing anxiety. Our goal is to make science relevant and fun for everyone. Sci., 36 (2): 197-202, Sun, D. ; Liddle, M. J., 1993. Many of the animals have to migrate around the biome in order to find enough food and water for survival during these changing seasons. The tree can be found in the tropical savannas of Africa, Asia and Papua New Guinea. Because of the little rainfall in the region, there are just a few trees. OM digestibility in grazing heifers was higher during the wet season than during the dry season (Abate et al., 1981). Service, Sustainable Agriculture Cover Crops. The Lemongrass also called Citronella grass,if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'andedge_com-box-2','ezslot_6',631,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-andedge_com-box-2-0'); which is a kind of flowering plant which is part of the grass family. Videos show cars being tossed around, flipped over by tornado in Florida. In: Xand A. et Alexandre G. (eds), Pturages et alimentation des ruminants en zone tropicale humide, INRA Publications, Versailles, 31-44, rskov, E. R. ; Nakashima, Y. ; Abreu, J. M. F. ; Kibon, A. ; Tuah, A. K., 1992. It was recommended to allow for 30 to 50% of refusals, depending on maturity, so that the animals could select the most digestible parts. It can grow to anywhere from 2 feet to 10 feet tall. Stn, 77-80. Like so many savanna plants, it has medicinal uses too. It is generally found in savannas and dry forests. Potential of the indigenous desert grasses of the Arabian Peninsula for forage production in a water-scarce region. The Palmyra palm is a type of fan palm, so called because of the large fronds that look like fans. Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. A., 1983. Water the soil well after planting to stimulate further growth. They include the Gum acacia, native to Sudan, and used for a whole range of valuable products. It features heavily in African landscape art, its stout trunk and rounded crown totemic of the savanna. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/480 Last updated on April 15, 2016, 14:23, Feedipedia - Animal Feed Resources Information System - INRAE CIRAD AFZ and FAO 2012-2022 | Copyright | Disclaimer | Login | Logout, Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value, English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant) and Hlne Thiollet (AFZ). When they hatch, the larvae feed on the seeds. They have fewer leaves so that less moisture is lost though the process of evaporation, the leaves are also very small and thorny to reduce moisture lose. We use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. The world consists of different biomes, which are regions with similar climates, animals and plants. J. Exp. Univ. You can usually find such in both tropical and subtropical areas. (Complete Growing & Care Tips), How to Plant Balloon Flower? During the dry season, most birds and large animals migrate to find more plentiful water supplies. This process produces a lot of carbon dioxide. [8]:1128 Understanding the different genetic varieties of Chloris gayana is beneficial to farmers. Aust. Chloris gayanais characterized by the particularly low nutritive value of the stems compared to the leaves (Mbwile et al., 1997a; Mero et al., 1997; Milford et al., 1968). Its distinctive appearance means that humans sometimes use it as an ornamental plant. The branches make good nesting sites for birds, however, who also enjoy dining on the seeds. Central Research Station, Mazabuka, N. Rhodesia, Work, S. H., 1937. It tolerates poor soil and can survive in a wide range of temperatures. Elephants can turn a forest into a savanna by knocking down trees, stripping bark from trees and stomping on seedlings. Well find out how theyve adapted to survive there. And because it grows quickly, its a good option for preventing soil erosion and for reclaiming land thats been overgrazed. Its high in protein. It also reduced NDF content. Ojeda, F. ; Caceres, O. ; Luis, L. ; Esperance, M. ; Santana, H., 1989. And one of the plants that helps give it that distinctive appearance is Rhodes grass. 4690, Perth, Mtenga, L.A. ; Kitaly, A. J., 1990. In ancient Egypt, the leaves were ground to make a remedy for haemorrhoids. These include zebras, wildebeests, elephants, giraffes, ostriches, gazelles, and buffalo. Because rainfall is light, few trees grow, although sometimes individual trees or small groves of trees grow near streams and ponds. (Eds. Young trees can sprout new growth after wildfires. This means that they are herbivores zebras eat a variety of plant such as star grass red oat grass and other grasses. It could make a valuable seed bed for horticultural crops such as zucchini, cabbage, bulb onions, and eggplant, as it provides organic matter and protection from wind and sun to the vegetables (Valenzuela et al., 2002). J., 8 (3): 126-132, Ghl, B., 1982. Acute toxicity occurs at 3 mg of selenium per kg BW in cattle and causes death within a few days after intoxication, with no known treatment. It is also known as Pangola-grass, common finger grass, woolly finger grass, and several other names. Nutrient digestibility and effect of heat treatment. Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). Like the roots, theyre considered toxic. Because of these defenses, grazers have had to develop adaptations that allow them to eat the plants. Effect of supplementing Rhodes grass hay (, Parvin, S. ; Wang, C. ; Li, Y. ; Nishino, N., 2010. The highest recorded yield is about 30-40 t DM/ha while the average yield is in the 10-16 t DM/ha range (Ecocrop, 2014;Murphy, 2010). ), Animal feed resources for small-scale livestock producers - Proc. And its lower in carbohydrates than other forms of grass, making it good grazing for obese horses. Supplementation, when forage is of low quality, was recommended in order to sustain an average daily gain of 550 g/d (Abate et al., 1981). Seasonal waterlogging over 30 cm kills the plant (FAO, 2014). Earthquake waves Upsc p-waves, s-waves and Surface Waves. Promising tropical grasses and legumes as feed resources in Central Tanzania. Less work is required to maintain this grass which means that the farmers can focus on other priorities. Chloris gayana thrives in places where annual temperatures range from 16.5C to above 26C, with maximum growth at 30C/25C (day/night temperature). Its use dates back thousands of years. These can be split further. Its also known as the naboom. 1. It forms tufts and can spread into wide monotypic stands. J. Agric. The fruits are inedible, 4-winged, yellow to brown, and hairy at first. II. The southern black tit is wise to this habit, and will tap the fruit to see if there are larvae inside for a tasty dinner. In Nigeria, when Rhodes grasshay and a concentrate were offeredad libitum,the forage represented 1/3 of the daily DM intake, but this proportion was reduced to 20% when another forage was added in a 3-feed choice design (Iyeghe-Erakpotobor et al., 2006). 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[5]:2 The fact that this type of grass survives on little rainfall, can grow in low pH soils, and has a moderate tolerance to aluminum means that it may be beneficial to poor farmers in the sub-tropics. The roots are very deep, down to 4.5 m. The leaves are linear, with flat or folded glabrous blades, 12-50 cm long x 10-20 mm wide, tapering at the apex. Despite these different features, the two biomes have a . The fruit is a caryopsis, longitudinally grooved (FAO, 2014; Quattrocchi, 2006; Moore, 2006; Cook et al., 2005; Duke, 1983). Establishment on acidic soils is difficult. Its also home to an array of fascinating plantlife. On branches, it has both straight and hooked thorns that act as a defense system against herbivores. Savannas are terrestrial ecosystems composed mainly of open flat grassland areas with scattered trees. The culms are tufted or creeping, erect or decumbent, sometimes rooting from the nodes. Production may effect with mild drought period if it is cultivated for forage purpose. At the tops of the stems, it produces seed-heads, each with several branches and many flower spikelets. We hope youve enjoyed learning more about these resilient trees and grasses. Ecocrop database. We have listed below some of the most standard savannas plant species to help you get an idea of the type of vegetation you can find in these ecosystems. The savanna is covered by grasses such as Rhodes grass, red oats grass, star grass, lemon grass, and some shrubs.. The umbrella thorn acacia (Vachellia tortilis) is a medium to large species of tree, widespread in Africa. It also bears fruit, which turn purple when theyre ripe. Even the fumes can burn, and if it gets in your eyes, it can cause blindness. The African savanna is the primary habitat for the Jackalberry tree. Effect of different species and mixtures of pastures on milk production. Typically doesnt exceed 23 ft (7m) in height. The spikelets (over 32) are densely imbricated and have two awns. Savannas also result from climate changes and soil conditions. However, seleniferous plantsare not readily eaten by most animals due to their bitter taste and strong odour, and tend to be consumed only when other forage is sparse (Cornell University, 2014). Savannas are also home to insects. African J. Carbon dating has found some specimens that are more than 2,000 years old. [2]:2. Tropical perennial grasses root depths, growth and water use efficiency. It can grow to a height of up to 40 feet, with a crown of rich foliage and a multi-stemmed trunk. The branches, below the nodes, carry three-hooked thorns. Benefits from Chloris gayana can also be found in the plant's growth. Cuban J. Agric. There are various genetic varieties of Chloris gayana that exist like Katambora, Pioneer and Callide. And it has numerous uses, ranging from food for livestock, especially cattle, to biofuel. The seeds establish readily on a well-prepared seed-bed. Trop. Wild cashew tree (Curatella americana), or sandpaper tree, is a semi-deciduous species of tree native to the tropical Americas. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'andedge_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_4',650,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-andedge_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');Zebras, Elephant, Impala, Common Warthog. And the root is used as an ingredient in medicine for painful periods. Did you find the information you were looking for? Due to this property, it is used in the manufacturing of disinfectants, soaps etc. This tea is used in the Caribbean after brewing to boost immunity. It normally doesnt grow more than 33 ft (10 m) in height. When we picture the savanna, we often imagine wide plateaus covered in tall grasses. Evaluation of tropical forages and by-products feeds for rabbit production : 1. Its also a very valuable plant to farmers in the sub-tropics, requiring little or no maintenance. [5]:3. Cows not only prefer to eat leaves rather than stems but have the ability to select leaves over stems in Rhodes grass (Mbwile et al., 1997b; Ehrlich et al., 2003a). The grasses Rhodes grass, red oats grass, star grass, lemon grass, and few shrubs dominate the savanna. The hollow stems are used to thatch the roofs of houses in Uganda. Tropical forages. Env. Claire is a writer and editor with 18 years' experience. The leaves are dark green and palmately compound in mature trees. However, as mentioned earlier in this article, there are also certain species of trees, shrubs, and other plants with adaptations to survive the conditions of these hot and dry environments. (Exact Answer). SA-CC-3, Manoa, Hawaii, Walker, C. A., 1975. It is tolerant of Li but not of Mn and Mg (Cook et al., 2005). The color varies according to the species and can be orange, yellow, brown or black. Feed Sci. We hope that the plants listed in this article will give you a better idea of the plant species that grow in savannas. Birds of prey such as hawks and buzzards have also adapted to life on the savanna, with their long-range vision to hunt on the wide open plains, sharp hook-shaped beaks made to tear flesh, and wide, strong wings designed to soar on the constant hot up drafts of wind all day without using much energy, making it easy to spot and hunt prey. [4] This too is important for being able to use this type of grass efficiently. Savannas are areas of open grassland with dispersed trees. The seeds can even be eaten when other food is scarce. A first limitation of the nutritive value of matureChloris gayanahay is its low intake by livestock when compared to hays of other tropical grass species. It is a tall grass that can reach about 10 ft (3 meters) in height. The roots are also used to get rid of parasites, and are believed to be a cure for leprosy. Added: March 10, 2022Updated: February 1, 2023. (source). In "saline conditions, plant growth is restricted". I. Each species interacts with its environment in unique ways. For example, "the crop is most productive in the first two or three cuts". In Zimbabwe, with East African goats, supplementation of a low protein Rhodes grass hay (7% DM) with 100 g/d of maize grain and 25% of legumes (Cassia rotundifolia, Lablab purpureus or Macroptilium atropurpureum, 12% DM of protein) increased daily gain, total intake and the supply of microbial nitrogen for absorption in the lower intestinal tract (Mupangwa et al., 2000). However, the evolution of milk production during the experiment was not reported, although the cows produced 8.7 kg milk/d at the beginning of the experiment (Mbwile et al., 1997b). Sci., 47 (1): 35-37, Todd, J. R., 1956. The nutritive value is also influenced by the season (Mbwile et al., 1997a) and variety (Mero et al., 1997; Milford et al., 1968). It grows well in sandy, loamy soils, well-drained, and fertile grounds and it requires a lot of rain during the growing season. Sci., 36 (2): 191-196, Shimojo, M. ; Goto, I., 1990. In Kenya, dairy heifers grazing Rhodes grass had an average daily gain of 581 g/day during a one year experiment with a stocking rate of 2 livestock unit/ha, but the pattern of gain ranged between 200 and 1100 g/d according to the period of the year. River Bushwillow (Combretum Erythrophyllum), 10. You won't see many trees in the savanna because of little Anim. In parts of Australia, its crowded out other native species. Animals that live in the African savanna include herbivores such as buffalos, zebras, wildebeests, elephants, rhinos, giraffes, elephants, warthogs, elands, gazelles, impalas, kudu, and oryx. Planted around the edges of fields of maize, it attracts stemborer moths which would otherwise devour the crops. Acacia senegal (Senegalia senegal) is a small tree native to the semi-desertic regions of Africa and Asia and often found in the African savanna. Elephants usually eat about 350 pounds of vegetation per day and help maintain . These trees can be easily identified by their massive, thick trunks, often bottle-shaped. PLANTS: The savanna is dominated by grasses such as Rhodes grass, red oats grass, star grass, lemon grass, and some shrubs. Fires, both natural and human-caused, are important factors shaping grasslands. The Potentials of Rhodes Grass (Chloris Gayana Kunth) as Drought Resistant Perennial Forage Grass in Nigeria Authors: Y Na Allah Figures Discover the world's research References (58). Rhodes grass is suited to both rainfed and irrigated pastures. Rev., 3 (: 277-303, Lucci, C. S. ; Nogueira Filho, J. C. M. ; Borelli, V. ; Rocha, G. L. da, 1982. Or it can be grown as groundcover to protect the soil from erosion. [5]:2 In addition to this, Chloris gayana has a moderate aluminum tolerance. These land areas are home to many species of animals and plants adapted to hot and dry conditions. Les aliments du btail sous les tropiques. [11] Farmers should be aware of this in order to make sure that they can take full advantage of this type of grass. And they provide food, shelter and medicine for both people and animals. Savanna grassland weather is typically warm with temperatures ranging from 20 to 30 degrees Celsius (68 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit). It usually has a rounded canopy with tiny, green, bipinnate leaves. Its leaves are green, bipinnately compound, and variable in size. E. Afr. Feedipedia is encountering funding shortage. It grows in tufts and spreads through stolons. And if a drop of the latex sap touches your skin, it will blister. Learn all about the savanna biome, including wildlife, climate, vegetation, and more. The savanna grassy plains in sub-tropical or tropical regions is a unique environment for wildlife. Fires are common during the dry season, but various species adapted to survive. Soc. Tambuki grass also goes by the names of Rhodesian blue grass, bluestem, and gamba grass. Rhodes grass can grow in a variety of soil conditions. (Complete Growing & Care Tips), How to Plant Creeping Phlox? On average, it grows to between 12 and 20 feet tall, although it can occasionally get much taller up to around 80 feet. In order to optimize the harvested biomass, Rhodes grass hay is generally harvested at an advanced maturity stage. Anim. Savanna biomes are found between tropical rainforest and desert biomes. The stand begins to produce valuable forage within 6 months, though the highest yield is obtained during the second year of cultivation (FAO, 2014;Cook et al., 2005). It has a slow growth but can reach more than 39 ft (12 m) in height. On the east african savannas the dominant grass consists of star grasses. FAO, Rome, Italy, Ehrlich, W. K. ; Cowan, R. T. ; Lowe, K. F., 2003. The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation. Its a more sustainable, more effective, and less expensive approach than using insecticides. The five major types of biomes are aquatic, desert, forest, grassland and tundra. In Kenya, intake of Rhodes grass decreased with maturity in grazing growing Friesian and Ayshire heifers (Abate et al., 1981). However, the nutritional quality of Chloris gayana steeply declines with maturity: the crude protein decreases to 9-10% after 10 weeks of regrowth, and can be lower than 8% after 15 weeks (Milford et al., 1968), then Rhodes grass becomes protein-deficient for ruminants (Leng, 1990). An important feature of Chloris gayana is its drought tolerance. Aust. Feedipedia is encountering funding shortage. Rhodes grass is a forage of highly variable composition. These grasses have long tap roots to reach the deep water table that making them drought resistant. Studies at and in association with the Rowett Research Organization, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK. Elephant grass is also known as Napier grass and Uganda grass. For example, savanna grassland and temperate grassland are the two main types of grassland biomes. For vegetative propagation, larger clumps can be cut into pieces and planted at 1 m distance from each other (NSWDPI, 2004). It grows in dense clumps, a bit like bamboo. The secondary consumers in Savanna are Cheetah, hyena, and the Lion which also depends on the Lemongrass. As well as the African savanna, it can be found growing in Asia and the Pacific Islands. With the exception of Antarctica, the grassland biome is present in all continents and spans over 20% of the earth's surface. Young Rhodes grass of 4 weeks of regrowth or less was found to have a highin vitroOM digestibility of 70-80% (Mbwile et al., 1997a;Mero et al., 1997), which decreased to 50% after 10 weeks of regrowth (Mero et al., 1997). [5]:2 This too is good for farmers when it comes to covering bare soil. It can help with weed control because it can outcompete and smother weeds. 4. Depending on the species, these grasses can be either annual or perennial, and their characteristics slightly differ from one variety to another. Digestibility of Hawaiian feeding stuffs. It is a plant that can grow in various conditions and environments, including savannas. Time of harvest and the sensitivity of variety to leaf shattering can have an important effect on the chemical composition of hay, and particularly on the crude protein content (Haffar et al., 1997). "[9] A possible solution to this would be to intercrop Chloris gayana with food crops.
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